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Mpox is an infectious disease caused by monkeypox virus. It spreads mainly through close physical contact, and the outbreaks that drew international attention in 2024 involved different viral clades and transmission patterns from the global outbreak that began in 2022. The emergency picture has since changed: WHO ended the 2024 public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 4 September 2025, but it continued mpox response work and described the situation as a graded health emergency in June 2026. A WHO-partner vaccine stockpile initiative was announced in September 2026. The latest detailed country-level snapshot available for this article is from June 2026—not a live November 2026 map.
What is mpox?
Mpox is a disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes two virus clades, clade I and clade II, each divided into subclades: Ia and Ib, and IIa and IIb. A clade is a broad genetic grouping of viruses; the labels matter because different clades have been associated with different places and outbreak patterns.
The large international outbreak that began in 2022 was associated with clade IIb. The more recent upsurge centered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which prompted WHO’s August 2024 emergency declaration, involved clades Ia and Ib. These are related outbreaks of the same disease, not one uniform event. Their geography, affected populations, and transmission patterns have differed, so a case count or risk description for one place and period should not automatically be applied to another.
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Mpox can cause a rash or lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, alongside fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes. Lesions may occur on the face, hands, feet, inside the mouth or throat, or around the groin, genitals, or anus. Symptoms typically last two to four weeks. Most people recover, but some become seriously ill. Children, pregnant people, and people with weakened immune systems—including people with poorly controlled HIV—are at greater risk of severe illness and death.
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How does mpox spread, and who is at risk?
Mpox spreads mainly through close physical contact with a person who has the disease. WHO describes skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact; mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-skin contact, such as kissing; and close face-to-face exposure. It can also spread through contaminated clothing or linens, sharps injuries in health care, and contact with infected animals.
Animal-to-human transmission can occur through bites or scratches, or while handling or preparing infected animals. The animal reservoir—the animal population in which the virus is maintained—is not known. That uncertainty is one reason the disease cannot be understood only through the circumstances of a particular human outbreak.
Risk depends on exposure, not on a person’s identity. The 2022 global outbreak initially affected many gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, but other outbreaks and settings have involved different patterns. Mpox is not limited to any one community, and not every outbreak spreads primarily through sex. Stigmatizing language can deter people from seeking care and make outbreak response harder; clear guidance should describe specific contact and exposure risks without blaming a group.
Where have outbreaks been reported?
Outbreak locations and numbers change over time, and the available figures do not form a live global map. WHO’s Report 67 is the latest detailed situation report located for this article: its epidemiological information generally runs through 14 June 2026, with response updates through 17 June. WHO cautioned that recent trends could be affected by reporting delays and reduced surveillance. The figures below are therefore dated snapshots, not direct comparisons of current risk or complete counts.
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| Place or scope | What the dated report said | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Madagascar | WHO reported 2,117 confirmed clade Ib cases and seven deaths since December 2025 through 14 June 2026. | It was the largest reported clade Ib outbreak at that point; the date range and surveillance limitations matter. |
| Spain and Thailand | WHO reported clade Ib community transmission outside Central and East Africa. | This documents spread beyond the main affected region; it is not a current case total. |
| Africa, since 2025 | An ECDC overview based on WHO data published 22 June 2026 named the DRC, Uganda, Madagascar, Burundi, and Kenya among the countries reporting the most confirmed clade I cases. | It covers confirmed cases and a specified period; it should not be read as a ranking of present-day risk. |
| EU/EEA | ECDC assessed clade Ib risk as moderate for men who have sex with men and low for the general population, based on evidence and uncertainties available at that time. | This was a dated regional assessment, not a global risk statement or a permanent forecast. |
Across all clades and countries, a joint WHO-partner release on 2 September 2026 reported 190,683 confirmed cases and 529 deaths in 145 countries and territories over the cumulative period from 1 January 2022 through 31 July 2026. Two-thirds of reported cases were in the African Region. Those totals cover more than four and a half years; they are not the number of cases or deaths in 2026 alone. Differences in testing, reporting delays, and surveillance completeness also mean raw totals should be compared cautiously.
Why did WHO declare an emergency in 2024?
WHO declared mpox a PHEIC on 14 August 2024 as cases surged in the DRC, clade Ib emerged and spread, and infections were detected in neighbouring countries. The cross-border spread and the risk of wider transmission made an internationally coordinated response important. WHO’s declaration drew attention to that particular moment in the outbreak; it did not mean all mpox outbreaks worldwide had the same cause, transmission route, or level of risk.
On 4 September 2025, WHO ended that PHEIC. Ending a PHEIC is a decision about the international emergency status under that mechanism—not a declaration that the virus has disappeared, that every outbreak has ended, or that public-health work can stop. In June 2026, WHO described the situation as a continuing graded health emergency and said its standing recommendations remained in effect. The distinction matters: the 2024 PHEIC is no longer active, while mpox continues to require surveillance and response.
What is WHO doing about mpox?
WHO’s June 2026 response update grouped its work into five connected areas: emergency coordination, collaborative surveillance, community protection, safe and scalable care, and access to and delivery of countermeasures. Together, they address both immediate outbreak control and the systems needed to detect and respond to new transmission.
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- Coordination: aligning public-health work across countries and response partners.
- Surveillance and investigation: improving case monitoring, investigating outbreaks, and studying transmission so response decisions are based on better evidence.
- Community protection: communicating risk and engaging communities in ways that are practical, specific, and non-stigmatizing.
- Care: supporting safe, scalable services and connecting mpox care with sexual-health, sexually transmitted infection (STI), HIV, and primary-care services.
- Countermeasures: working on access to and delivery of vaccines and other response tools, alongside diagnostics and care.
Vaccines are one part of that response, not a substitute for diagnosis, care, or reducing exposure. WHO recommends vaccination for people at high risk, especially during outbreaks; who is eligible and where vaccine is available depend on local public-health guidance. In an outbreak, vaccine decisions are a public-health allocation issue rather than a general consumer purchase.
On 2 September 2026, WHO, Gavi, UNICEF, the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision (ICG), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) announced a global mpox vaccine stockpile initiative. The initiative was launched on 27 August, funded by Gavi, and coordinated by the ICG. Its stated purpose is to give all countries access to vaccine for outbreak response; at the time of announcement, operations were set to begin later in September. It is an emergency allocation mechanism, not a retail vaccine sales program. WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the stockpile was “an important step towards a more sustainable and equitable approach to mpox outbreak response.”
What should you do if you think you have mpox?
Contact a health provider for advice and testing rather than trying to identify the illness from a rash alone. Mpox can resemble other conditions, including chickenpox, measles, scabies, herpes, syphilis, and bacterial skin infections, so laboratory testing helps establish what is causing symptoms.
WHO says the preferred laboratory test is PCR testing for viral DNA. A health worker collects a specimen directly from a rash lesion by swabbing it. The right place to seek testing and any requirements for accessing it depend on local health services and guidance.
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While ill, follow advice from a health provider and isolate during the infectious period. WHO’s general precautions include covering lesions, washing hands, and taking care around shared spaces; masks and cleaning or disinfecting shared spaces may help reduce transmission. Ask a clinician or local public-health service how long to isolate and when it is appropriate to resume close contact, since individual guidance may depend on symptoms and local recommendations.
Care is supportive: it focuses on managing the rash and pain and preventing or treating complications. WHO says there is no proven effective antiviral treatment for mpox to date. People at higher risk of severe illness should seek medical advice promptly, especially if symptoms are worsening or they are concerned about complications.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What does the evidence say—and what does it not say?
Outbreak reporting is essential, but confirmed cases are not a perfect measure of all infections. People may not be diagnosed, access to testing can vary, and reporting may be delayed. WHO specifically warned that reduced surveillance and reporting delays could affect recent trends in its June 2026 report. For that reason, a fall in reported cases is not by itself proof that transmission has stopped, and a larger reported total does not automatically mean one country has a higher individual risk than another.
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Time and geography are equally important. The ECDC’s moderate clade Ib risk assessment for one group and low assessment for the general population applied to the EU/EEA and reflected evidence and uncertainty available in June 2026. It should not be generalized to other regions, clades, or later dates. Likewise, the cumulative global totals released in September 2026 describe the period beginning in 2022, not a current weekly trend.
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For the newest country-level information, consult current WHO situation reports and national public-health guidance. The source snapshot summarized here is dated June 2026 for detailed outbreak information and September 2026 for the stockpile announcement and cumulative totals; it cannot establish the exact outbreak map on 13 November 2026.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does the end of the mpox PHEIC mean WHO declared the disease over?
No. WHO ended the PHEIC on 4 September 2025, but its June 2026 update still described mpox as a graded health emergency. The emergency designation ended; the disease and response work did not.
Are the reported global mpox totals from 2026 alone?
No. The 190,683 confirmed cases and 529 deaths reported in the September 2026 joint release are cumulative from 1 January 2022 through 31 July 2026. They should not be described as a 2026-only toll.
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No. The initiative announced by WHO and partners is an emergency allocation mechanism intended to make vaccine available to countries responding to outbreaks. Individual eligibility and access are determined through local public-health guidance.
Why might a country’s confirmed case count understate infections?
A confirmed-case tally depends on diagnosis and reporting, and not every infection will necessarily be captured. WHO also warned that reporting delays and reduced surveillance could affect recent trends in its June 2026 report.
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