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WebVTT (Web Video Text Tracks) is a plain-text format for synchronizing captions, subtitles, chapters, descriptions, or other text with media playback. To add captions to an HTML video, create a timed .vtt file, place it somewhere the page can load, and reference it with a <track> element inside <video>.
What a WebVTT file contains
A WebVTT file is a timed-text track, not a video file. It begins with the header WEBVTT and then contains cue blocks. Each cue has a start time, an end time, and text to display during that interval. Cue settings can affect positioning and presentation; caption or subtitle text can also include speaker and language spans or simple emphasis.
WEBVTT
00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:03.000
[Door closes]
00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:05.000
<v Maya>Hello, everyone.The bracketed sound cue shows how a caption can describe meaningful non-speech audio as well as dialogue. The W3C WebVTT specification says, “A WebVTT file must only contain data of one kind, never a mix of different kinds of data.” For example, keep captions and chapters in separate files rather than combining them in one track.
Captions or subtitles: choose what viewers need
Captions generally communicate dialogue and relevant audio, including meaningful sound effects or musical cues. Subtitles commonly present dialogue only, often as a translation for viewers who can hear the audio. Usage varies by region, so explain what the track contains rather than relying only on its label. If a sound is important to understand the video, dialogue alone may leave out essential information.
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W3C WAI describes captions as including dialogue and relevant audio information. Its H95 technique is one documented way to meet WCAG requirements, not the only conforming approach. WAI also notes that a track marked “subtitles” can still meet the caption criterion in certain cases when it includes the relevant audio information.
Add an external WebVTT track to an HTML video
- Create the file. Save the cues as a plain-text file with a
.vttextension. Start it withWEBVTT, then add cue timings and text. - Put it at a loadable URL. Upload the file to your site or another location the page can access. In the example below, the video and English track are under
/media/. - Add a track element. Put
<track>inside the<video>element and set its attributes to describe the track.
<video controls>
<source src="/media/lesson.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<track
kind="captions"
src="/media/lesson.en.vtt"
srclang="en"
label="English captions"
default>
</video>kind="captions"identifies the track as captions. Choose the kind that matches the content and intended use.srcpoints to the VTT file.srclangidentifies the track language;enis the language code in this example.labelgives viewers a human-readable name for the track.defaultmarks a preferred track to enable when user preferences do not select a better match. Use it on no more than one track for a given media element.
For multiple languages, add a separate track and VTT file for each language, with a suitable language code and label. MDN documents .vtt as the format used by HTML text tracks. Exact track-selection and display behavior can vary by browser or player, so check the finished page in the player your audience will use.
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Choose how to create and style cues
Write a VTT file
An external text file is the straightforward option for a page whose captions are prepared in advance. It can be edited and checked separately from the HTML, then referenced through src.
Create cues with JavaScript
For a track assembled at runtime, JavaScript can create a TextTrack, set its mode, and add VTTCue objects. This gives code control over when cues are created and how the track is used; the cues still need correct timing and text.
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Style cue text carefully
The CSS ::cue pseudo-element can style cue text. MDN notes that browser support for ::cue-region is absent, so do not depend on region-specific styling being available. Test the actual target browsers and player rather than assuming every style will appear everywhere.
Check captions before publishing
- Confirm the first line is
WEBVTTand cue start and end times are valid and sensible. - Check that the track URL in
srcloads from the page where the video is embedded. - Play the video and verify synchronization, spelling, speaker identification, and relevant non-speech audio.
- Make the language and viewer-facing label clear, and check track selection and default behavior in the actual player.
- Keep each file to one data kind; use separate tracks for different languages or kinds of information.
WebVTT metadata for archival collections
FADGI’s Guidelines: Embedded Metadata in WebVTT Files lists version 2.0 dated September 1, 2026. It addresses provenance, administrative history, and context for WebVTT captions, subtitles, and descriptive-audio files, particularly in audiovisual accessibility and collection settings. Metadata fields can help users and collection administrators understand a file’s data kind, origin, and when, where, and how it was made. This is specialized archival and collection guidance, not a universal requirement for ordinary web captions.
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