For FFmpeg running on your VPS and publishing directly to YouTube, allow the outbound RTMPS connection to YouTube on TCP port 443 if outbound traffic is restricted. Do not open inbound TCP 1935 for this setup: that port is relevant when the VPS itself accepts an RTMP connection from another encoder.
First identify which server is making the connection
The right firewall rule depends on the stream’s route. A direct FFmpeg-to-YouTube stream is an outbound connection from the VPS. A relay or ingest setup adds an inbound connection to the VPS from an encoder elsewhere.
| Setup | Connection direction | Firewall requirement | Does the VPS need an RTMP listener? |
|---|---|---|---|
| FFmpeg runs on the VPS and publishes to YouTube | Outbound from VPS to YouTube | Permit outbound RTMPS over TCP 443 if egress is restricted | No |
| An outside encoder publishes to an RTMP service on the VPS | Inbound from encoder to VPS, then outbound from VPS to YouTube | Permit inbound TCP 1935 only if the service listens on that port; also permit required outbound traffic | Yes |
FFmpeg documents RTMP’s default port as 1935, but YouTube’s RTMPS ingestion documentation specifies TCP 443. These ports serve different network paths; opening 1935 inbound is not a substitute for allowing outbound RTMPS.
Check the VPS firewall without locking yourself out
Firewall labels and defaults depend on the operating system and VPS provider. No particular Indian VPS vendor or operating-system image is assumed here. Check both the Linux host firewall and any separate firewall or security rules in the provider’s control panel.
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- Inspect the current host policy. On Ubuntu using UFW, run
sudo ufw status. Note whether the firewall is active and what rules are already present. - Confirm your SSH access details. Identify the actual SSH port and any source-address restrictions you use. Before applying a restrictive inbound policy, ensure the corresponding SSH allow rule is in place; otherwise you may lose remote access.
- Review the provider firewall separately. Check the provider’s current documentation and control panel for inbound and outbound rules. A host rule cannot permit traffic that a provider-level firewall blocks.
- Make only the change the route needs. If FFmpeg publishes directly and outbound traffic is already allowed, an extra broad outbound allow rule may be unnecessary. If egress is restricted, permit the RTMPS destination and port YouTube supplies, using destination-based restrictions where your firewall supports them.
UFW supports commands such as sudo ufw allow <port>/<optional: protocol>, but that syntax alone does not establish a complete or safe firewall policy. The exact egress-rule syntax varies by firewall manager. Consult the documentation for your distribution and provider rather than treating one command or control-panel label as universal.
Allow direct FFmpeg publishing to YouTube
- Get the current RTMPS URL and stream key. In YouTube Live Control Room, use the RTMPS server URL and stream key provided for your stream. Confirm that the URL uses the
rtmpsprotocol and includes the expected server and path. - Permit outbound TCP 443 if required. Google for Developers’ RTMPS ingestion documentation says the connection must be made to port 443 on the ingestion server. Apply the rule to outbound traffic from the VPS. An inbound allow rule for port 443 is a different rule and does not enable FFmpeg’s outbound connection.
- Keep the stream key private. Treat it like a credential: do not publish it in a command, screenshot, log or shared configuration. If it is exposed, replace it in YouTube Live Control Room and update the encoder.
- Test and monitor the stream. Start a test stream before relying on it for a scheduled broadcast. Check YouTube’s stream health while sending video, not just whether FFmpeg reports a connection.
YouTube Help says: “We recommend streaming to YouTube Live with RTMPS, a secure extension to the popular RTMP video protocol.” See YouTube’s encoder settings and recommendations and Google for Developers’ RTMPS ingestion documentation.
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When inbound TCP 1935 is actually needed
Open an inbound RTMP port only if the VPS is running an RTMP server or other ingest service and an encoder outside the VPS must connect to it. If that service is configured to listen on TCP 1935, permit inbound TCP 1935 in the host and provider firewalls. Restrict permitted source addresses where practical. Do not expose monitoring, administration or other service endpoints publicly unless the design requires it.
If FFmpeg runs on the VPS and sends directly to YouTube, it does not need a public RTMP listener for that publishing path. FFmpeg’s default RTMP port does not change YouTube’s documented RTMPS destination port.
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Check encoder settings as well as firewall reachability
A successful network connection does not guarantee a healthy or compliant stream. YouTube’s encoder guidance recommends CBR and a keyframe interval of 2 seconds, and says not to exceed 4 seconds. Its bitrate recommendations vary with codec, resolution and frame rate.
| YouTube H.264 format | Minimum bitrate | Recommended bitrate |
|---|---|---|
| 1080p at 30 fps | 4 Mbps | 10 Mbps |
| 1080p at 60 fps | 6 Mbps | 17 Mbps |
These figures are from YouTube’s encoder settings page, which does not state a publication year. Do not apply the two figures to other resolutions, frame rates or codecs; use YouTube’s table for the format you intend to send. The page lists H.264, H.265/HEVC and AV1 among supported video codecs. See YouTube’s current encoder settings guidance for the relevant bitrate and format details.
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Troubleshoot connection and stream failures
- Connection times out: Check that outbound TCP 443 is allowed by both the host firewall and provider firewall. Verify that the RTMPS hostname and path match the current URL from YouTube.
- TLS or secure-connection error: Confirm FFmpeg is using an RTMPS URL, not a plain RTMP URL, and that the encoder supports RTMPS. Check the YouTube-provided server address and port.
- FFmpeg connects but YouTube receives no usable stream: Check the stream key, codec, frame rate, keyframe interval and bitrate. Review YouTube’s stream-health status during a test.
- Direct publishing works only after opening inbound 1935: Recheck the actual traffic path and firewall rules. Direct RTMPS publishing calls for outbound TCP 443; an inbound 1935 rule may be unrelated and unnecessarily expose a listener.
- An outside encoder cannot publish to the VPS: Confirm an RTMP ingest service is running and listening on the expected interface and port, then check inbound rules at both firewall layers. Limit source IPs where feasible.
- SSH stops responding after a firewall change: The policy may have blocked the actual SSH port or source address. Avoid applying restrictive inbound defaults until an allow rule for your administration path is verified. If locked out, use the provider’s documented console or recovery route.
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