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Islam in India is practised by a large and diverse population, not by a single uniform community. Pew Research Center’s survey found high reported religious commitment alongside differences in prayer, mosque attendance and how Muslims describe their religious identity. The findings are a dated national snapshot: interviews took place in late 2019 and early 2020, and the population baseline comes from the 2011 census.
How many Muslims live in India?
Muslims made up 14.2% of India’s population, or approximately 172 million people, in the 2011 Census of India, according to Pew Research Center’s analysis of census data. This is a historical census figure, not a current population count.
What does the survey tell us about religious practice?
Pew Research Center’s 2021 report drew on nearly 30,000 face-to-face interviews with Indian adults in 17 languages. Fieldwork took place in late 2019 and early 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic. Its findings describe what respondents reported at that time; they should not be read as a live measure of practice in 2026 or as a description of every Muslim in India.
Religious commitment
In that survey, 91% of Indian Muslim respondents said religion was very important in their lives, according to Pew Research Center’s 2021 report of the 2019–2020 findings. This measures respondents’ stated importance of religion, rather than one particular religious activity.
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Prayer and mosque attendance
In the same survey, 66% of Indian Muslim respondents said they prayed at least once a day, and about seven-in-ten said they attended a mosque at least weekly, according to Pew Research Center’s 2021 report of the 2019–2020 findings. These are separate measures: reported daily prayer and weekly mosque attendance should not be treated as interchangeable signs of practice.
Pew also found a notable gender difference in weekly mosque attendance, with Muslim men more likely than Muslim women to report going weekly. Attendance alone therefore cannot serve as a uniform measure of belief or of an individual’s religious life.
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Is there one Muslim identity in India?
No single label captures the range of identities recorded in Pew’s analysis. Respondents’ sect identification included Sunni, Shia, no-sect and unknown-sect responses. The analysis also indicates that Muslim identity can have cultural and ancestral dimensions as well as a religious or sectarian one. These categories describe ways people identified in the survey; they do not establish that every person in a category practises in the same way.
The survey evidence supports distinctions among reported commitment, prayer, mosque attendance and identity. It does not map those differences comprehensively across India’s regions or communities, so a national average should not be mistaken for a portrait of any one local Muslim community.
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What do historical population changes show?
Pew Research Center’s analysis of Census of India data found that Muslims’ share of the population rose from 9.8% in 1951 to 14.2% in 2011, while the Hindu share moved from 84.1% to 79.8% over the same census period. These are historical proportions, and Pew characterizes the overall shifts as modest. They do not supply a current population count or establish what has happened since 2011.
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