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Bonbibi is a forest-protecting figure revered by Hindu and Muslim communities in the Sundarbans, particularly by people whose livelihoods take them into the mangroves. Some accounts describe her worship as fading, but available evidence documents change in particular places—not a measured, region-wide decline.
Who is Bonbibi?
Bonbibi is a protective figure associated with the Sundarbans forest. In accounts of the tradition, fishers, honey collectors and other forest workers invoke her before entering a landscape where work can be dangerous. Amrita Sen and Jenia Mukherjee describe this practice through the Bonbibi Johuranama, oral histories and field narratives in their 2020 essay, “Bonbibi: A Religion of the Forest in the Sundarbans”.
The essay reproduces a translated line from the Johuranama: “Facing any danger inside the forest, whoever prays to Her, Mother Bonbibi protects them all.” The words express a protective promise extending to whoever calls on her in the forest.
Why do Hindus and Muslims worship Bonbibi?
Her veneration crosses Hindu-Muslim community lines in the Sundarbans, where forest livelihoods and the risks of entering the mangroves provide shared ground for seeking protection. Sufia M. Uddin’s study describes Hindu and Muslim fisherfolk and honey collectors venerating Bonbibi, and interprets the forest as sacred through the rituals and ethical practices that sustain life there (“Religion, Nature, and Life in the Sundarbans,” 2019).
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Shared reverence does not mean that devotees have identical beliefs or that Hindu and Muslim traditions have simply blended into one theology. Uddin argues that Bonbibi’s tradition is rooted in the region’s history rather than being a straightforward mixture of Islam and Hinduism. The practice makes sense in its local setting, but religious difference remains.
Is Bonbibi worship fading in the Sundarbans?
“Fading” is one interpretation, not an established region-wide finding. A 2016 Scroll.in article used that description and framed modernity and religious separation into theological silos as pressures on the cult (Shoaib Daniyal, 7 December 2016). That report captures a concern; it does not, by itself, establish how worship has changed across the whole region.
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A 2026 study by Mohammad Raqibul Hasan Siddique and Mahmood Hossain documents transitions in spiritual authority, livelihood practices, relations with the forest and transmission of knowledge in selected communities adjacent to the Bangladeshi Sundarbans. The authors report fieldwork from October 2024 through February 2025, including 42 in-depth interviews, as well as focus groups, key informant interviews and participant observation (“Spiritual ecologies in transition,” first published 22 June 2026). This is evidence of change in the studied communities, not a representative count of devotees or a longitudinal measure of worship across both India and Bangladesh.
To assess claims of decline, it matters which location and community are being discussed, and what is changing: ritual practice, the authority of particular practitioners, or how knowledge passes between generations. Evidence from selected Bangladeshi communities cannot be generalized to all Sundarbans residents, and contextual accounts of social and economic change do not substitute for a region-wide measure of Bonbibi worship.
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What the tradition reveals about life in the mangroves
Bonbibi’s importance is closely tied to the forest as a place of work, danger and moral relationship—not just to abstract religious belief. The Johuranama, oral histories and field accounts offer different ways to understand how people describe that relationship and seek protection. The Sundarbans spans India and Bangladesh, and its communities are not culturally uniform; accounts from one side of the border or one livelihood group should not be treated as a complete portrait of the region.
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