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What Nehru’s note records
Nehru described a long talk with the Maharaja of Bhutan after dinner. The Maharani joined them because, Nehru wrote, her English could help the conversation. His note presents the exchange from his perspective; it does not independently confirm the ruler’s words or establish how the proposals discussed were later handled.
Nehru argued that Bhutan’s international isolation was becoming harder to maintain and that India wanted coordination on external affairs and defence. He also wrote that India did not wish to interfere in Bhutan’s internal government. The note says the ruler was willing to consider India’s views on foreign policy.
“We had no desire to interfere in the internal Government of Bhutan, though we were, of course, interested in Bhutan’s progress and the well-being of her people.”
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This sentence is from Nehru’s note, as reproduced by The Nehru Archive.
Why the 1949 treaty matters
The conversation took place against the framework of the 1949 Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan. Article 2 paired a promise of non-interference in Bhutan’s internal administration with Bhutan’s agreement to be guided by India’s advice on external relations:
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“The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations.”
The wording is from Article 2 of the 1949 Treaty of Friendship. The treaty also provided for free trade and commerce between the territories. That context helps explain why the dinner note touches on foreign policy and trade, but it does not show how any particular disagreement was resolved.
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The proposed Manas River survey
Nehru’s note records discussion of surveying the Manas River for a possible hydroelectric project. Nehru described a survey as an initial step. The ruler, in Nehru’s account, worried that a dam’s backwater could harm Bhutan and said permission for surveying had been limited. Nehru pressed for a broader survey, and the ruler said he would consider it.
The note does not establish that Bhutan approved the broader survey or that a dam was built. It records a proposal and concerns raised in conversation, not a completed project or its outcome.
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Trade, foreign exchange and a reported toll
The note also mentions foreign-exchange arrangements and Bhutan’s desire for free trade. On tolls near the West Bengal frontier, Nehru recorded the ruler’s report that a truck was charged Rs. 5 for a round trip. Nehru said the matter should be discussed with Indian officials. This is a historical detail reported in the note, not a current tariff or a general measure of trade costs.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why sources give different dates
The date is not consistent across the online material. The Nehru Archive page heading says 30 January 1953, but its footnote identifies the underlying document as “Note to Secretary General. Foreign Secretary and Joint Secretary. 30 January 1954. JN Collection.” Claude Arpi’s introduction separately gives January 20, 1954, while the reproduced note is headed January 30. The underlying note is therefore attributed to 30 January 1954 in the archive footnote, but the conflicting labels should be kept in view when citing it.
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The archive footnote identifies the published source as Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Volume 24, pages 593–595. Arpi’s 13 May 2018 article introduces and reproduces the note, while the archive provides the document and its source reference.
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