On June 14, 2025, the Stop Return Fascism initiative published an open letter marking 100 years since Benedetto Croce’s 1925 Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals. Its signatories argue that fascism is returning and urge readers to defend democratic institutions, act collectively, and uphold facts and critical thought. The letter is an advocacy statement: its diagnosis of present-day politics should be understood as the signatories’ position, not as independent verification of conditions in any particular country.
Why the letter was published in 2025
The letter deliberately recalls the manifesto issued by Italian intellectuals on May 1, 1925, in opposition to Mussolini’s regime. It presents that earlier appeal as a defense of the rule of law, personal liberty, independent thought, culture, art, and science, and uses its centenary to call for renewed resistance to authoritarian politics. Read the open letter.
The historical account and political interpretation belong to the letter’s signatories. The document links fascist repression and imperial aggression with the Second World War and the Holocaust, and argues that anti-fascist resistance helped inspire postwar efforts to establish international law and human rights. It also acknowledges that those efforts did not end inequality. These are the letter’s framing and claims; the text itself is not a comprehensive historical study.
What the signatories mean by a renewed threat
The signatories describe contemporary far-right movements as sharing traits they associate with fascism: attacks on democratic checks and opposition, racist nationalism, authoritarianism, and pressure on people who do not conform to traditional religious, sexual, or gender norms. They warn of threats to judicial independence, press freedom, higher education, science, and international cooperation.
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Those characterizations are the authors’ analysis, not findings established by the letter. To assess a specific government, movement, or country, readers need current evidence about its actions and institutions rather than treating the letter’s broad warning as proof of any individual claim.
What the letter asks readers to do
The appeal translates its warning into three kinds of action:
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- Defend institutions and rights. Support democratic, cultural, and educational institutions; call out abuses of democratic principles and human rights; and resist preemptively accommodating authoritarian demands.
- Organize with others. Join local and international collective action, including boycotts and strikes where possible.
- Protect the conditions for public reasoning. Uphold facts and evidence, practice critical thinking, and engage with communities.
One concise statement of that appeal reads: “Defend democratic, cultural and educational institutions. Call out abuses of democratic principles and human rights. Refuse preemptive compliance.” The letter closes by describing the struggle as ongoing and collective voices, work, and principles as a bulwark against authoritarianism.
How many people signed?
The reported totals refer to different dates and sources, so they should not be combined as if they were one count.
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| Source and date | Displayed or reported figure | What it represents |
|---|---|---|
| Bianet, June 16, 2025 | 422 intellectuals | A count reported two days after publication of the letter. |
| Stop Return Fascism, page accessed October 7, 2026 | More than 7,500 citizens, 400 academics, and 31 Nobel Prize winners | The organizer’s later displayed figures; the page does not date the count, and it is not an independently audited tally. |
The difference is consistent with the figures being reported at different times and in different categories; the sources do not establish a like-for-like comparison.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to read the appeal
The letter is useful as a record of how its signatories define the danger they see and what they want readers to do. It is not a neutral explainer or an independent test of its claims about current politics. Read its proposed actions separately from its diagnosis, and look for authoritative, up-to-date evidence before applying its claims to a particular country or institution.
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