In cooking, Hindi rai is called mustard seeds in English. For the plant or crop, the general English word is mustard.
What should you call rai in a recipe or shop?
Use whole mustard seeds when you mean the intact ingredient. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) defines “Mustard (Rai, Sarson) whole” as dried, clean, mature seeds from one or more mustard plants. Its standard treats mustard powder separately: it is made by grinding mature mustard seeds. FSSAI food-standard compendium, Version XXVIII, 20 February 2023.
- Whole rai: whole mustard seeds.
- Ground rai: mustard powder, if the ingredient is ground.
Does rai mean a particular mustard species or color?
Not necessarily. The English translation “mustard seeds” does not by itself identify a seed color or a single botanical species. FSSAI’s definition includes seeds from multiple mustard plants, and mustard names are not used consistently across all contexts.
The Government of Sikkim lists Brassica juncea as Indian mustard and gives rai or laha as local names, while noting that rapeseed and mustard nomenclature is not fully standardized. The Spices Board of India also lists Hindi rai among mustard names and describes mustard as an oilseed crop, vegetable, or fodder. These sources support the general translation, not a claim that every use of rai refers to exactly the same variety.
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- Say mustard seeds for the usual culinary translation.
- Use a specific color or species name only when the ingredient or source identifies it.
When should you say mustard rather than mustard seeds?
Use mustard for the plant or crop in general, and mustard seeds for the edible seeds. For example, the Government of Sikkim’s agriculture page uses “Indian mustard” for Brassica juncea and identifies rai as a local name. The Spices Board of India’s mustard entry provides the broader crop and naming context.
Sources: Government of Sikkim Agriculture Department; Spices Board of India: Mustard.
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