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What stylometry can—and cannot—tell us
Stylometry compares recurring features of writing, such as word-use patterns, to estimate which author’s style is present in a text. James O’Sullivan, a University College Cork lecturer in Digital Arts & Humanities, applied this approach to three Clinton collaborations. His results identify stylistic signals, not an exact division of labor.
A stylistic match does not by itself reveal who supplied a premise, built an outline, contributed subject expertise, fact-checked, edited, or revised a passage. The public accounts discussed here do not include manuscript drafts or version histories that would settle those questions or establish exact percentages of work.
Bill Clinton and James Patterson: Patterson’s style dominates the two analyzed books
The President Is Missing
O’Sullivan reports that James Patterson’s stylistic signal appears across most of the novel, with a shift to Bill Clinton’s signal in the finale. That is evidence about the prose’s style, not proof that Clinton had no role in shaping the book.
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The President’s Daughter
In the second analyzed thriller, O’Sullivan again finds Patterson’s style dominant, while Clinton’s signal appears in the opening. The analysis does not provide a definitive percentage of pages or sentences written by either collaborator.
What the collaborators said about their process
In a 2021 TIME interview about The President’s Daughter, Clinton said, “The first thing we do is we agree on an outline.” He said Patterson sent draft chapters and that he checked authenticity and revised details with Patterson. Patterson said they revisited the outline repeatedly. These are the collaborators’ descriptions of their work together; they support active consultation but do not overturn the stylometric finding about which writing style dominates.
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The President Is Missing was their first thriller together, followed by The President’s Daughter in 2021. Axios reported a third Clinton–Patterson thriller, The First Gentleman, in December 2024. O’Sullivan’s 2023 analysis covered the first two, not that later book. Axios’s 2024 report also said The President Is Missing had sold 3.8 million copies; that commercial figure says nothing about who wrote it.
Hillary Clinton and Louise Penny: a substantial Clinton style signal
For State of Terror, O’Sullivan reports that more than half of the stylistic signal matches Hillary Clinton. The opening portion is associated with Louise Penny’s style and the remainder with Clinton’s. This supports the conclusion that Clinton wrote a substantial share of the prose, while not establishing an exact percentage of the finished manuscript attributable to her.
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Penny described a process that included both partners’ contributions. In a 2022 Guardian interview, she said they developed a synopsis together, then described drafting a couple hundred pages, sending them to Clinton, and receiving suggestions, phone discussions and handwritten notes. Penny characterized their division of labor this way: “I was the writer, she was the secretary of state.” That is Penny’s account of the process; it should be read alongside, rather than substituted for, the separate stylistic analysis.
In a 2021 CBS interview, Clinton said the novel grew out of her friendship with Penny and a conversation about fears Penny asked her to share. The interview describes a nuclear-threat premise informed by Clinton’s experience and international detail drawn from her time as secretary of state. It illustrates how experience and story development can contribute to a novel without necessarily determining who drafted its prose.
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State of Terror was announced as a Clinton–Penny collaboration for publication by St. Martin’s Press and Simon & Schuster on October 12, 2021. The publisher’s book page identifies the credited authors.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the evidence supports
| Novel | Stylistic finding reported by O’Sullivan | Other contribution described in interviews |
|---|---|---|
| The President Is Missing | Patterson’s signal across most of the text; Clinton’s in the finale. | Interview descriptions of outlining, draft review and authenticity checks concern the Clinton–Patterson process; the cited TIME interview is about their second novel. |
| The President’s Daughter | Patterson’s signal dominates; Clinton’s appears in the opening. | Clinton described agreeing on an outline, checking authenticity and revising details; Patterson said they revisited the outline. |
| State of Terror | More than half the stylistic signal matches Clinton; the opening portion is associated with Penny. | Penny described a jointly developed synopsis, her drafting, and Clinton’s suggestions and notes. |
The table distinguishes style attribution from collaborators’ accounts of their process. Neither source type establishes an exact contribution share for each author.
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The fairest answer
The available evidence does not support either extreme—that Bill Clinton wrote nothing or that he drafted most of the prose in the two analyzed Patterson thrillers. Patterson’s style dominates those books, with Clinton’s signal concentrated in particular sections, while Clinton’s own interview account describes substantive outlining and review. In State of Terror, the stylistic evidence points to a substantial amount of prose in Hillary Clinton’s style, alongside Penny’s drafting and contributions. Without public draft histories, exact sentence-by-sentence credits remain unresolved.
Quick Recap
Sources
- James O’Sullivan’s account of the stylometric analysis, republished by Scroll.in: analysis of the Clinton novels.
- TIME, May 27, 2021: Bill Clinton and James Patterson discuss The President’s Daughter.
- The Guardian, December 5, 2022: Louise Penny on collaborating with Hillary Clinton.
- CBS News, 2021: Hillary Clinton discusses State of Terror.
- The Guardian, 2018: O’Sullivan on an earlier study of Patterson collaborations. That broader study concerns other collaborative fiction and should not be mistaken for the findings on the Clinton novels.
- Axios, December 2024: report on The First Gentleman.
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