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How to Stream a Folder of Videos to YouTube with FFmpeg’s Concat Demuxer

Use FFmpeg’s concat demuxer to play compatible videos in a chosen order and send them to YouTube Live. Learn the setup, settings, safety checks, and fixes.
Opened Runtime6 min Written byDocumentaryTube Team
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To stream several local videos to YouTube Live in sequence, create an ordered FFmpeg concat-demuxer list, then send that input to the YouTube stream URL and key from Live Control Room. This works most simply when the files have matching streams, codecs, and time bases; mixed formats may need to be normalized first.

What the concat demuxer does—and when it fits

FFmpeg’s concat demuxer reads files listed in a text file as one sequential input. It is a good fit when you want a folder’s videos played one after another without relying on the operating system’s arbitrary directory order. The list determines the order.

Direct concatenation has an important constraint: the files must have the same streams, codecs, and time bases. If the folder contains materially different formats or encoding parameters, the demuxer may reject them or produce broken output. Normalize incompatible files to a consistent format before using this workflow; there is no single safe conversion command for unknown sources.

Check YouTube eligibility and prepare your files

YouTube Help says live streaming requires a verified channel with no live-streaming restriction in the preceding 90 days, and the user must be at least 16. Account-specific restrictions and eligibility rules can change, so check YouTube’s current live-streaming eligibility requirements before scheduling a broadcast.

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  • Install FFmpeg and confirm that the files you plan to concatenate have compatible streams, codecs, and time bases.
  • Choose a clear, intentional playback order. Use simple filenames and keep the concat list beside the videos when practical.
  • Allow for the full playlist runtime and monitor the broadcast; a concat list is finite and does not automatically make its contents loop forever.
  • Have a stable wired or wireless internet connection capable of sustaining the chosen upload bitrate.

Create the ordered concat list

In the folder containing compatible videos, create a plain-text file such as playlist.ffconcat. Its first line can be the exact header ffconcat version 1.0. Add one file entry per video in playback order:

ffconcat version 1.0
file 'clip-01.mp4'
file 'clip-02.mp4'
file 'clip-03.mp4'

Save the file as plain text. The example uses simple relative filenames; run FFmpeg with this folder as its working directory or otherwise provide the correct path to the list. Filenames with whitespace or special characters need escaping or quoting according to FFmpeg’s concat-script syntax. Don’t assume alphabetic or directory order is the order you want: write the entries explicitly.

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FFmpeg’s safe mode is enabled by default. It permits a restricted set of relative paths and rejects unsafe paths or directives. Prefer simple relative filenames. Use -safe 0 only if absolute or unusual paths are necessary and you trust the list and its contents; disabling that check removes a safeguard.

Get the YouTube ingest details

  1. Open YouTube Studio and go to the Live Control Room. Create or select the live stream you intend to broadcast.
  2. Copy the stream URL and stream key shown for that stream. Prefer the RTMPS URL if FFmpeg and your setup support it.
  3. Keep the key private. YouTube describes stream keys as “your YouTube stream’s password and address.” Do not put it in a public repository, screenshot, or command you plan to share. If it may have been exposed, reset it in Live Control Room.

YouTube’s encoder setup guidance explains the URL-and-key connection. Its RTMPS instructions describe RTMPS as RTMP over TLS/SSL and explain how to reveal and copy the RTMPS URL. Some encoders may not support RTMPS; if yours does not, use a protocol and URL it supports.

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Choose settings and start FFmpeg

The command below is a template. Replace the URL and key placeholders with the values copied from Live Control Room. Do not publish the completed command. This example encodes the combined input to H.264 video and AAC audio with constant bitrate and a two-second keyframe interval:

ffmpeg -re -f concat -safe 1 -i playlist.ffconcat 
  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -b:v 10M -maxrate 10M -bufsize 20M 
  -g 60 -keyint_min 60 -sc_threshold 0 
  -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 
  -f flv "rtmps://YOUR_YOUTUBE_INGEST_URL/YOUR_STREAM_KEY"

This sample’s 60-frame keyframe interval assumes 30 fps, so it yields a two-second interval. If you choose a different frame rate, adjust -g and -keyint_min to keep keyframes two seconds apart; do not exceed YouTube’s four-second maximum recommendation. The sample’s 10 Mbps video bitrate is YouTube’s current H.264 recommendation for 1080p30, checked on 2026-10-03. It is not a universal setting: select a profile that suits your source resolution and frame rate as well as your sustained upload capacity.

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In that command, -re reads media at its native rate rather than sending the file as fast as FFmpeg can process it. -f concat selects the concat demuxer; -safe 1 retains the default path-safety checks; -i names the playlist; and -f flv sets the streaming output container used for RTMP-style ingest. If your source audio or video needs different treatment, or the files are incompatible, revise the encoding workflow rather than assuming these parameters will repair every input.

YouTube’s encoder guidance lists RTMP/RTMPS ingestion, constant bitrate (CBR), two-second keyframes (not more than four seconds), H.264, H.265/HEVC, and AV1 video options, plus AAC or MP3 audio. Codec availability depends on the ingestion protocol and current YouTube support. The same guidance gives 4 Mbps as the H.264 recommendation for 720p30 and 10 Mbps for 1080p30; check YouTube’s current live encoder settings for other resolutions, codecs, and bitrate ranges. Test the upload capacity and a representative stream before going live.

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Preview, go live, and end the broadcast

  1. Start the FFmpeg command and wait for the stream to appear in YouTube Studio’s Live Control Room preview.
  2. For a scheduled stream, select Go live in Live Control Room when the preview is ready.
  3. Watch YouTube’s stream-health indicators during the broadcast. Representative audio and motion in your preflight test can expose problems that a static or silent test will not.
  4. When the playlist has finished or you are ready to end, stop FFmpeg from sending content and use Live Control Room’s end-stream workflow as applicable.

Fix common concat and streaming problems

Symptom Likely cause What to check or do
FFmpeg rejects a file or output breaks at a transition Inputs do not have matching streams, codecs, or time bases. Inspect the files and compare their stream properties. Normalize incompatible sources to consistent streams and encoding parameters before concatenating.
Gaps, timestamp jumps, or artifacts between clips The demuxer calculates the next file’s timestamps from the preceding file’s duration; inaccurate duration estimates can shift timestamps. Check reported durations. If a duration is known to be incorrect or missing, a duration directive in the concat list can override it.
FFmpeg says a path is unsafe or rejects a filename Default safe mode rejects unsafe paths and permits only restricted relative paths. Use simple relative filenames where possible. Only for a trusted list that requires unusual or absolute paths, consider -safe 0 and understand the security trade-off.
No preview or a connection failure The URL, key, protocol, or encoder support may be wrong. Copy the current URL and key from the selected Live Control Room stream; confirm the URL uses the intended RTMP or RTMPS protocol and that the encoder supports it.
YouTube reports stream-health warnings The output settings may not suit the connection or source, or the test did not exercise representative content. Check the current YouTube bitrate and encoder guidance, test sustained upload capacity with representative audio and movement, and monitor health during the event.

Copyright and the right to stream the videos

Using FFmpeg to deliver a file does not grant permission to broadcast it. Stream only material you own or are authorized to use, and check the rights for music, footage, and other included elements. Copyright claims or other rights restrictions can affect a live broadcast or its availability. Review YouTube’s current policies and the terms that apply to your content before streaming.

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